High-level, interpreted programming language that is a core technology of the World Wide Web. Enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications, used both on the client-side and server-side.

Free, open-source PHP web framework for building web applications following the model-view-controller (MVC) architectural pattern. Aims to make the development process easier and more expressive.

Popular general-purpose scripting language especially suited for web development.

Dynamic, open-source programming language known for its simplicity and productivity. Emphasizes natural language programming and is often used for web development with frameworks like Ruby on Rails.

Server-side web application framework written in Ruby. Follows the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern and emphasizes convention over configuration, making web development faster and easier.